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Joint Diseases and
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Original Article · Open access

Effects of BPC-157 and TB-500 on Achilles tendon healing in rats: A histopathological and biomechanical study

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Ozancan Biçer

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0002-6080-177X

Oktay Adanir

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0003-3327-4705

Yiğit Güleryüz

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Beykoz State Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0002-9220-9578

Emin Can Balci

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0002-1565-9620

Yaşar Mahsut Dinçel

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Faculty of Medicine, Tekirdağ, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0001-6576-1802

Mehmet Yağız Yenigün

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0002-9073-0124

Cemre Aydin

Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0003-4169-7919

Büşra Yaprak Bayrak

Department of Pathology, Kocaeli University Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli, Türkiye

ORCID: 0000-0002-0537-3127

Abstract

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effects of BPC-157, synthetic thymosin beta-4 (TB-500), and their combination on Achilles tendon healing using biomechanical, histopathological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical analyses in a rat model.

Materials and methods: Thirty-two male Sprague-Dawley rats, each aged 12 weeks and weighing approximately 330 g, underwent standardized Achilles tendon transection and repair and were randomly assigned to four groups, with eight rats in each group: control, BPC-157 (10 µg/kg/day), TB-500 (60 µg/kg/day), and combined BPC-157 + TB-500 (BPC + TB). Treatments were administered intraperitoneally for four weeks postoperatively. At four weeks, tendons were harvested for biomechanical testing or histological evaluation. Maximum load to failure was assessed biomechanically. Histological and histochemical analyses included hematoxylin-eosin, Masson trichrome, Alcian blue, and Sirius red staining and were evaluated using Bonar and Movin scoring systems. Expression of collagen types I and III was assessed immunohistochemically and semiquantified using H-score analysis.

Results: Biomechanical testing revealed higher maximum load to failure values in the BPC-157 and TB-500 groups compared to controls, reaching statistical significance in the TB-500 group (p < 0.05). Histopathological evaluation demonstrated significantly lower total Bonar scores in the TB-500 group (p = 0.016) and significantly lower total Movin scores in the TB-500 and BPC + TB groups (p = 0.017 and p = 0.040, respectively) relative to controls, indicating improved tendon architecture, collagen alignment, and reduced degenerative changes. The BPC-157 group showed numerically lower scores without reaching statistical significance for total scores. Sirius red birefringence analysis showed increased type I collagen organization and altered type III collagen distribution in treatment groups, particularly in the TB-500 group, suggesting progression toward matrix maturation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed no significant differences in collagen type I expression among groups, whereas collagen type III expression differed significantly, consistent with histochemical findings. Combined BPC-157 and TB-500 treatment did not confer additional benefits compared to either agent alone.

Conclusion: In this exploratory rat model study, both BPC-157 and TB-500 were associated with improved histopathological parameters and extracellular matrix organization during early Achilles tendon repair, with TB-500 additionally demonstrating a significant biomechanical advantage at four weeks. The absence of additive effects with combination therapy may reflect convergence on shared downstream pathways; however, this hypothesis requires further experimental confirmation. These preliminary findings indicate that both peptides warrant further investigation as candidate adjuncts to tendon repair, pending dose-optimization and longerterm studies.

Declarations

Author Contributions

O.A, O.B.: Idea/concept, control/ supervision; O.A., O.B., Y.G.: Design; E.C.B., Y.M.D.: Data collection and/or processing; B.Y.B.: Analysis and/ or interpretation; B.Y.B., M.Y.Y., C.A.: Literature review; O.B., Y.G..: Writing the article; M.Y.Y., C.A.: Critical review, references and fundings; O.A., O.B., E.C.B., Y.M.D., M.Y.Y., C.A., Y.G., B.Y.B.: Materials.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declared no conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and/or publication of this article.

Financial Disclosure

The authors received no financial support for the research and/or authorship of this article.

Data Sharing Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

AI Disclosure

The authors declare that artificial intelligence (AI) tools were not used, or were used solely for language editing, and had no role in data analysis, interpretation, or the formulation of conclusions. All scientific content, data interpretation, and conclusions are the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors further confirm that AI tools were not used to generate, fabricate, or ‘hallucinate’ references, and that all references have been carefully verified for accuracy.

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